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A Family s Parental Sexual Orientation That Affect A...

RaeLani Mathias Psychology 314 Article Report #1 17 Oct. 2016 Goldberg, A. a., Kashy, D. k., Smith, J. j. (2012). Gender-Typed Play Behavior in Early Childhood: Adopted Children with Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parents. Sex Roles, 67(9-10), 503-515. Introduction There are many important facts about a family’s parental sexual orientation that affect a child’s growth. One of those revolves around the gender-typed play behaviors of children in the early stages of life. One study conducted in 2012 by Goldberg A., Kashy D., and Smith J. researched and examined questions relating to this subject to further knowledge of children’s cognitive growth and development in early years of life. This study focused on two main hypotheses that follow ideas from social constructionist and social learning theories respectively; â€Å"Children in same-gender parent families will be less gender-typed in their play than children in heterosexual-parent families,† and â€Å"boys in lesbian-mother families†¦ will demonstrate less gender-stereotyped play behavior†¦ than boys in gay-father families and boys in heterosexual-parent families†¦ and girls in gay-father families†¦ will demonstrate less gender-stereotyped play behavior†¦ than girls in lesbian-mother families and girls in heterosexual-parent families† (Goldberg, A. a., Kashy, D. k., Smith, J. j. 2012). Relevant Theories Two theories were identified as predictors of behaviors linked to the sexual orientation of parents and how a child developsShow MoreRelatedHow Parents Sexual Orientation Can Have An Impact On Their Children s Lives980 Words   |  4 Pagesresourced. 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Cognitive and identity development and seeking autonomy are all instinctive aspects of being a teenager, but when a teen sees no way out ofRead MoreDeviance And Its Impact On Society2989 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Rule-governed social institutions established or standardized patterns of behaviour. They are family, education, religion, and include economic and political institutions. Deviance is esteemed in the art world, and all great artists have broken with the traditions that preceded them and rebelled against their contemporaries. Yet in society deviance is more often than not condemned. Our apparently contradictory attitudes toward artistic and social deviance are explicable in light of theRead MoreSocial Institutions Are Universal And So Is Deviance3015 Words   |  13 Pagesand so is deviance in these institutions. Critically analyse the statement in the light of different perspectives and your lived experiences. Introduction Rule-governed social institutions established or standardized patterns of behaviour. They are family, education, religion, and include economic and political institutions. Deviance is esteemed in the art world, and all great artists have broken with the traditions that preceded them and rebelled against their contemporaries. Yet in society devianceRead MoreTraumatic Experiences Faced by Tina3025 Words   |  13 Pagesextended family (Finkerlhor Browne; 1985). The type of foreseen traumatic experiences is mostly aggravated by Tina’s profile and situation in the family. Being a step daughter, whose mother constantly wants to make an effort to embrace the union places her in a disadvantaged angle where either one of her step family members may find her either as a threat or an accessory that can be utilised to his advantage. Looking at this scenario, one cannot rule out the huge possibility being of a sexual natureRead MoreThe Law Can Affect Family Life Essay1991 Words   |  8 PagesThe law can affects family life in many ways. Laws will indicate whom and when we can marry, under what circumstances we can file for a divorce, who can adopt chi ldren, what responsibilities should come with parenting, and what happens when we do not uphold our parental responsibilities. In recent years, our lawmakers here in the United States have made important decisions affecting families consisting of gay parents. Gay couples can face a legal minefield when trying to ensure parental rights. AlthoughRead More`` I Do But I Can t 3015 Words   |  13 Pagesviews their desire as abnormal. How far would a nation go to prevent a couple from getting married, threats, imprisonment maybe even death? Nationwide the U.S went as far as making laws and bans to prevent marriage of mixed races as early as the 1600’s. 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Xcvxcvsdfv Free Essays

string(21) " and sector area 22\." Contents MODULE 2 1 Scatter graphs 1. 1 Scatter graphs and relationships 1. 2 Lines of best fit and correlation 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Xcvxcvsdfv or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Using lines of best fit Chapter summary Chapter review questions 1 1 5 6 10 10 4 Processing, representing and interpreting data 4. 1 Frequency polygons 4. 2 Cumulative frequency 4. 3 Box plots 4. 4 Comparing distributions 4. 5 Frequency density and histograms Chapter summary Chapter review questions 51 51 56 64 65 68 73 73 2 Collecting and recording data 14 2. 1 Introduction to statistics 2. 2 Data by observation and by experiment 2. 3 Grouping data 2. 4 Questionnaires 2. 5 Sampling 2. Databases Chapter summary Chapter review questions 14 14 16 18 20 23 27 28 5 Probability 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 Writing probabilities as numbers Sample space diagrams Mutually exclusive outcomes and the probability that the outcome of an event will not happen 5. 4 Estimating probability from relative frequency 5. 5 Independent events 5. 6 Probability tree diagrams 5. 7 Conditional probability Chapter summary Chapter review questions 77 77 79 81 84 86 88 89 92 93 3 Averages and range 3. 1 Mean, mode and medi an 3. 2 Using frequency tables to find averages 3. 3 Range and interquartile range 3. 4 Stem and leaf diagrams 3. Estimating the mean of grouped data 3. 6 Moving averages Chapter summary Chapter review questions 31 31 34 36 38 41 44 47 47 MODULE 3 6 Number 6. 1 6. 2 Properties of whole numbers Multiplication and division of directed numbers M4 6. 3 Squares, cubes 6. 4 Index laws 6. 5 Order of operations 6. 6 Using a calculator 6. 7 Prime factors, HCF and LCM Chapter summary Chapter review questions 97 97 98 100 101 102 104 106 110 110 Chapter summary Chapter review questions 124 124 8 Expressions and sequences 8. 1 8. 2 Expressions and collecting like terms Working with numbers and letters and using index notation M4 8. Index laws M4 8. 4 Sequences Chapter summary Chapter review questions 127 127 129 131 134 138 139 7 Angles (1) 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 Triangles Equilateral triangles and isosceles triangles Corresponding angles and alternate angles Proofs Bearings 113 113 114 116 1 19 120 9 Measure (1) 9. 1 9. 2 Compound measures – speed and density Converting between metric and imperial units Chapter summary Chapter review questions 141 141 144 145 145 ii 10 Decimals and fractions 10. 1 10. 2 10. 3 10. 4 Fractions revision Arithmetic of decimals Manipulation of decimals Conversion between decimals and fractions M4 10. Converting recurring decimals to fractions 10. 6 Rounding to significant figures Chapter summary Chapter review questions 147 147 149 151 154 157 159 161 161 14 Estimating and accuracy 14. 1 Significant figures 14. 2 Accuracy of measurements Chapter summary Chapter review questions 192 192 194 196 196 15 Three-dimensional shapes (1) 197 15. 1 Volume of three-dimensional shapes 15. 2 Surface area of three-dimensional shapes 15. 3 Coordinates in three dimensions Chapter summary Chapter review questions 197 202 204 205 206 11 Expanding brackets and factorising 11. 1 11. 2 11. 3 11. 4 11. Expanding brackets Factorising by taking out common fa ctors Expanding the product of two brackets Factorising by grouping Factorising expressions of the form 164 164 165 167 168 170 171 174 174 16 Indices and standard form 16. 1 Zero and negative powers 16. 2 Standard form M4 16. 3 Fractional indices Chapter summary Chapter review questions M4 207 207 208 215 217 217 x2 bx c 11. 6 Factorising the difference of two squares Chapter summary Chapter review questions 12 Two-dimensional shapes (1) 176 12. 1 Special quadrilaterals 12. 2 Perimeter and area of rectangles 12. 3 Area of a parallelogram 12. Area of a triangle 12. 5 Area of a trapezium 12. 6 Problems involving areas Chapter summary Chapter review questions 176 177 178 178 179 181 184 184 17 Further factorising, simplifying and algebraic proof 220 220 222 225 228 230 230 17. 1 Further factorising 17. 2 Simplifying rational expressions 17. 3 Adding and subtracting rational expressions 17. 4 Algebraic proof Chapter summary Chapter review questions 13 Graphs (1) 13. 1 Coordinates and l ine segments 13. 2 Straight line graphs Chapter summary Chapter review questions 186 186 187 191 191 18 Circle geometry (1) 18. 1 Parts of a circle 18. Isosceles triangles 18. 3 Tangents and chords Chapter summary Chapter review questions 232 232 232 233 236 237 MODULE 4 19 Angles (2) 19. 1 Quadrilaterals 19. 2 Polygons 19. 3 Exterior angles Chapter summary Chapter review questions 238 238 240 244 246 247 20 Fractions 20. 1 20. 2 20. 3 20. 4 248 248 249 251 253 Addition and subtraction of fractions Addition and subtraction of mixed numbers Multiplication of fractions and mixed numbers Division of fractions and mixed numbers iii CONTENTS 20. 5 Fractions of quantities 20. 6 Fraction problems Chapter summary Chapter review questions 255 256 258 258 7 Inequalities 27. 1 Inequalities on a number line 27. 2 Solving inequalities 27. 3 Integer solutions to inequalities 27. 4 Problems involving inequalities 27. 5 Solving inequalities graphically Chapter summary Chapter review questions 358 3 58 359 361 362 363 368 368 21 Scale drawings and dimensions 21. 1 Scale drawings and maps 21. 2 Dimensions Chapter summary Chapter review questions 260 260 262 263 264 28 Formulae 28. 1 28. 2 28. 3 28. 4 Using an algebraic formula Writing an algebraic formula Changing the subject of a formula Expressions, identities, equations and formulae 28. Further changing the subject of a formula Chapter summary Chapter review questions 372 372 374 376 378 379 381 382 22 Two-dimensional shapes (2) 266 22. 1 Drawing shapes 22. 2 Circumference of a circle 22. 3 Area of a circle 22. 4 Circumferences and areas in terms of 22. 5 Arc length and sector area 22. You read "Xcvxcvsdfv" in category "Papers" 6 Segment area 22. 7 Units of area Chapter summary Chapter review questions 266 268 270 272 273 274 276 277 277 29 Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometry (1) 29. 1 Pythagoras’ theorem 29. 2 Finding lengths 29. 3 Applying Pythagoras’ theorem 29. 4 Line segments and Pythagoras’ theorem 29. Trigonometry – introduction 29. 6 Finding lengths using trigonometry 29. 7 Finding angles using trigonometry 29. 8 Trigonometry problems Chapter summary Chapter review questions 384 384 385 388 390 392 393 396 398 401 401 23 Linear equations 23. 1 The balance method for solving equations 23. 2 Setting up equations 23. 3 Solving equations with fractional terms 23. 4 Simultaneous linear equations 23. 5 Setting up simultaneous linear equations Chapter summary Chapter review questions 280 280 284 287 289 292 293 294 24 Percentages 24. 1 Percentages M3 24. 2 Increases and decreases 24. Use of multipliers 24. 4 Reverse percentages Chapter summary Chapter review questions 296 296 299 306 309 311 312 30 Ratio and proportion 30. 1 Introduction to ratio 30. 2 Problems 30. 3 Sharing a quantity in a given ratio 30. 4 Direct proportion 30. 5 Inverse proportion Chapter summary Chapter review questions 405 405 408 409 411 413 415 415 25 Graphs (2) 25. 1 Real life graphs 25. 2 So lving simultaneous equations graphically 25. 3 The equation y mx c 25. 4 Further uses of y mx c Chapter summary Chapter review questions 314 314 319 321 324 328 329 31 Three-dimensional shapes (2) 418 1. 1 Planes of symmetry 31. 2 Plans and elevations 31. 3 Volume of three-dimensional shapes 31. 4 Surface area of three-dimensional shapes Chapter summary Chapter review questions 418 420 422 427 430 431 26 Transformations 26. 1 Introduction 26. 2 Translations 26. 3 Rotations 26. 4 Reflections 26. 5 Enlargements 26. 6 Centre of enlargement 26. 7 Combinations of transformations Chapter summary Chapter review questions 332 332 332 336 338 343 346 351 354 354 32 Graphs (2) 32. 1 32. 2 Graphs of quadratic functions Using graphs of quadratic functions to solve equations 32. Using graphs of quadratic and linear functions to solve quadratic equations Chapter summary Chapter review questions 433 433 436 439 442 442 iv CONTENTS 33 Further graphs and trial and improvement 33. 1 Graphs of cubic, reciprocal and exponential functions 33. 2 Trial and improvement Chapter summary Chapter review questions 445 445 449 453 453 40 Simultaneous linear and quadratic equations and loci 40. 1 40. 2 40. 3 Solving simultaneous equations Loci and equations Intersection of lines and circles – algebraic solutions Chapter summary Chapter review questions 30 530 532 536 538 538 34 Constructions, loci and congruence 34. 1 Constructions 34. 2 Loci 34. 3 Regions 34. 4 Drawing triangles 34. 5 Congruent triangles 34. 6 Proofs of standard constructions Chapter summary Chapter review questions 458 458 461 464 467 468 469 470 471 41 Similar shapes 540 540 544 547 550 552 554 555 41. 1 Similar triangles 41. 2 Similar polygons 41. 3 Areas of similar shapes 41. 4 Volumes of similar solids 41. 5 Lengths, areas and volumes of similar solids Chapter summary Chapter review questions 35 Bounds and surds 35. Lower bounds and upper bounds 35. 2 Surds Chapter summary Chapter review questions 474 474 476 4 78 479 42 Direct and inverse proportion 42. 1 Direct proportion 42. 2 Further direct proportion 42. 3 Inverse proportion 42. 4 Proportion and square roots Chapter summary Chapter review questions 559 559 561 563 566 568 568 36 Circle geometry 36. 1 Circle theorems Chapter summary Chapter review questions 481 481 487 488 37 Completing the square 37. 1 Completing the square Chapter summary Chapter review questions 491 491 494 494 43 Vectors 43. 1 43. 2 43. 3 43. 4 43. 5 43. Vectors and vector notation Equal vectors The magnitude of a vector Addition of vectors Parallel vectors Solving geometric problems in two dimensions Chapter summary Chapter review questions 571 571 573 574 575 578 583 587 587 38 Quadratic equations 38. 1 Introduction to solving quadratic equations 38. 2 Solving by factorisation 38. 3 Solving by completing the square 38. 4 Solving using the quadratic formula 38. 5 Solving equations with algebraic fractions 38. 6 Problems that involve quadratic equations Chapter sum mary Chapter review questions 496 496 496 498 499 501 502 505 505 44 Transformations of functions 4. 1 44. 2 44. 3 44. 4 44. 5 44. 6 Function notation Applying vertical translations Applying horizontal translations Applying reflections Applying stretches Transformations applied to the graphs of sin x and cos x Chapter summary Chapter review questions Index Licence 591 591 592 596 599 602 605 608 608 611 618 39 Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometry (2) Problems in three dimensions Trigonometric ratios for any angle Area of a triangle The sine rule The cosine rule Solving problems using the sine rule, the cosine rule and 1 ab sin C 2 Chapter summary Chapter review questions 39. 1 39. 39. 3 39. 4 39. 5 39. 6 507 507 512 516 519 522 525 527 527 v Introduction Welcome to Edexcel GCSE Mathematics Modular Higher Student Book and ActiveBook. Written by Edexcel as an exact match to the new Edexcel GCSE Mathematics Higher Tier specification these materials give you more chances to succe ed in your examinations The ActiveBook The ActiveBook CD-ROM is found in the back of this book. It is a digital version of this Student Book, with links to additional resources and extra support. Using the ActiveBook you can: ? Find out what you need to know before you can tackle the unit ? See what vocabulary you will learn in the unit ? See what the learning objectives are for the unit ? Easily access and display answers to the questions in the exercise sections (these do not appear in the printed Student Book) ? Click on glossary words to see and hear their definitions ? Access a complete glossary for the whole book ? Practice exam questions and improve your exam technique with Exam Tutor model questions and answers. Each question that has an Exam Tutor icon beside it links to a worked solution with audio and visual annotation to guide you through it The Student Book Each chapter has a number of units to work through, with full explanations of each topic, numerous worked examples and plenty of exercises, followed by a chapter summary and chapter review questions. There are some Module 3 topics that may also be assessed in Modules 2 or 4. These are identified in the contents list with the symbol: M4 These topics are also also assessed in highlighted within the Module 4 chapters themselves, using this flag by the relevant unit headings: The text and worked examples in each unit have been written to explain clearly the ideas and techniques you need to work through the subsequent exercises. The questions in these exercises have all been written to progress from easy to more difficult. At the end of each chapter, there is a Chapter Summary which will help you remember all the key points and concepts you need to know from the chapter and tell you what you should be able to do for the exam. Following the Chapter Summary is a Chapter Review which comprises further questions. These are either past exam questions, or newly written exam-style questions – written by examiners for the new specifications. Like the questions in the exercise sections, these progress from easy to hard. In the exercise sections and Chapter Reviews Recommendation specification Pentium 3 500 Mhz processor 128MB RAM 8 speed CD-ROM 1GB free hard disc space 800 600 (or 1024 768) resolution screen at 16 bit colour sound card, speakers or headphones Windows 2000 or XP. This product has been designed for Windows 98, but will be unsupported in line with Microsoft’s Product Life-Cycle policy. Installation Insert the CD. If you have autorun enabled the program should start within a few seconds. Follow on-screen instructions. Should you experience difficulty, please locate and review the readme file on the CD.   vi by a question shows that you may use a calculator for this question or those that follow. by a question shows that you may NOT use a calculator for this question or those that follow. Technical support If after reviewing the readme you are unable to resolve your problem, contact customer support: ? telephone 0870 6073777 (between 8. 00 and 4. 00) ? email schools. cd-romhelpdesk@pearson. com ? web http://centraal. uk. knowledgebox. com/kbase/ How to cite Xcvxcvsdfv, Papers

If I Won the Lottery free essay sample

If I won the lottery, I would study and improve my English to an excellent level. After that, I would like to travel all over the world and choose some interesting places such as Venice, New York ,Japan, or New Zealand, to live there two or three years. Those are my favourite places. Living in those places would give the change to make many friends. On the other hand, when I get old, I would go back to my country and I would purchase my dream house. It would be on the coast, by the sea, on the beautiful unspoilt beach. Maybe, one of those magnificent mansion. In front of the main entrance, there will be (it would be) a wide path that leads up to the front door with a lovely staircase going down to the hall. In the back garden, there will be a heated swimming pool with a wonderful terrace for sunbathing. We will write a custom essay sample on If I Won the Lottery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, I would write a book to share my feelings with my friends all over the world. This would be my heritage. However, I wouldn’t forget about sick children and poor people. For that reason, I would donate a lot of money to Cancer research. Therefore, I would build a centre in my city where the homeless could shower, bathe, clean up, and get basic medical. To sum up, the most important thing in my life is not money. I would like to win the lottery, because if I won the lottery, I wouldn’t splurge really. I’m very content living a small life.

Ferrari Performance Analysis Essay Example

Ferrari Performance Analysis Paper â€Å"Whats red, Italian and goes from 0 km/h to 100 km/h in three and a half seconds? † Ask this from any person on the street and you for sure will hear only one answer â€Å"Ferrari†. It was founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1943, the first Ferrari was built in 1947 and that is when the legend begins. Now it is hard to think of any other car that can make anyone feel more exclusive. It`s not just a sport car you own it`s quality, passion, luxury and status that comes with it. We chose it for our group presentation for all of those reasons and also because it is an outstanding, not usual brand, with a very special marketing strategy and a small group of exclusive costumers. In order to have a clear understanding of company’s position, potential and direction we used many business measurement tools. First of all, PEST analysis, which helped us to get a better idea about macro-environment in which Ferrari operates. By establishing main Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors we were able to assess current market situation, predict future challenges that company will have to face and think about possible solutions for those problems. After analyzing external factors we`ve identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis) in order to understand overall strategic position of the business. In other words, now we were able to evaluate on Ferraris’ internal environment and have a clear view of company’s perspectives, limitations and possible improvement areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Ferrari Performance Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ferrari Performance Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ferrari Performance Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To complete our environmental research we used Porters Five forces to find out about competition in the industry, potential of new entrants into industry, power of suppliers and customers, threat of substitute products Ferrari`s marketing strategy is also something that makes this company very special. This car is a legend in a world of supercars, everyone knows what a prancing horse logo or at list heard of it. However it never used a penny on advertisement. And indeed, have we seen a single advert about Ferrari? So how come we all know about it? To find the answer for this question have become an interesting challenge for our group. To evaluate our answer we used 4Ps theory or marketing mix theory which looks at the product, price, promotion and place, because a successful marketing mix is a base for successful company. The successful use of marketing mix means putting the right product in the right place, at the right price, at the right time. And from what we found in our investigation Ferrari have been doing quite well at that. It managed to produce a unique car, in which every detail is about passion- passion for speed, passion for quality, passion for excludability and luxury. Having a Ferrari is like having a piece of legend. So, here we have a unique product. Further Ferrari pricing strategy is a marketing masterpiece in itself. â€Å"Luxury sets price, price does not set luxury† ( Daye D. , 2010) -this phrase fully demonstrates Ferrari pricing principles. They know what is the right price for the product they offer as you don`t buy just a car, you buy status and quality. Next step, promotion. And here is where we found an answer for the first question that made us so passionate about this topic. To promote their product they simply did what they were best at doing- racing and building an ideal car for speed lovers. Such a simple but such a genius marketing strategy with passion going through its` every detail. Also the company have developed a market of merchandising that helped to expand the brand and increase customer awareness. And finally- the right place†¦ Ferrari is the most valuable exponent of the top quality Italian and German showrooms. No one but exclusive customers can enter these showrooms and this again shows company’s targeting principles- do not waste time on anyone who is not a potential customer. After using 4 Ps theory we`ve learned about main principles of the company and had a better knowledge of the way it works. We also found (From PEST and SWOT analysis) that as any company Ferrari faces some challenges. And that is why after finding enough information we tried to recommend some ways to resolve those problems. Our solutions are the result of group discussions as well as good individual research. We`ve made some basic recommendations such as: invest more money in CO2 emission problem and research and development in order to stay best in technology. Also one of the recommendations was to collaborate with other exclusive brands to produce even more exclusive Ferrari related products, for example collaborate with Rolex to produce exclusive watches. Those are quite common solution for common problems. However, as a group we also came up with some radical and rand new recommendations such as building a Ferrari hotels where only Ferrari owners would be able to stay or inventing a new brand in collaboration with other popular brand, to make something more affordable to middle classes but with a bit of Ferrari in it. This could help to increase their sales, however some would argue that more profits will come at cost of reputation of Ferrari as an exclusive brand that not everyone can afford. To su m up our group work: every member showed a lot of interest, creativity, passion and initiative. Everyone’s opinion was considered when making a decision and discussing the topic. However, more practice needed to improve our presentation skills: luck of confidence and practice have prevented us from making this topic as interesting to the audience as it was for ourselves. So if there is something that should have been done differently – is the amount of time spent on practice. Other than that I found that doing presentation with the group of people who are passionate about the topic was a great experience. Bhasin, H. (2010). Marketing mix Ferrari. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 1st Dec 2011] Bhasin, H. (2010). SWOT Ferrari. [Online] Available at: ; http://www. oogle. com/search? ie=UTF-8=UTF-8=navclient=1=italy_sports_cars_2006#sclient=psy-ab=en=hp=ferrari+marketing+mix=1=ferrari+marketing+=1=g4==e=0l0l2l134l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0=on. 2,or. r_gc. r_pw. ,cf. osb=12ad4e0eba6dfc1f=1246=636; [Accessed 1st Dec 2011] Daye,D. (2008). Italys Master of Marketing Strategy. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 1st Dec 2011] Fiat Group. (2008). Annual Report. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 5th Dec 2011]. SOS emarketing . (2010). Luxury Marketing . [Online] Available at: [Accessed

myxococcus xanthus essays

myxococcus xanthus essays The bacteria Myxococcus Xanthus is a decomposer that moves and forms fruiting bodies to reproduce. These fruiting bodies are mounds that grow into mushroom cloud like bodies, where cells differentiate on the inside to form small spores that are heat and desiccation resistant. In her discussion of Myxococcus Xanthus, Dr. Hartzell addresses various complexes that make flagella-less movement possible for the bacteria. The researchers traced cell movements and found that Myxococcus Xanthus moves at a rate of 2.5 micrometers per minute. A rate that is slower than continental drift (3 micrometers per minute). Cell movements occur in two different forms: social (moving in groups of cells) and adventurous (individuals moving). Movement is found to be gene determined. Two genes were found to be required for any movement: mgl A and mgl B. Furthermore, there are specific genes required for social movement and specific genes required for adventurous movement. Mgl A, a magnesium dependant, is a GTP-ase (a protein that binds and cleaves GTP to GDP) like Ras. It was found that mgl A was necessary for development of the fruiting body and for movement, but not for growth of the cell. When mgl A binds to GDP, it is inactive. However, when it binds GTP, it is active. Then mgl A was sequenced and found to have one of the Aspartine amino acids exchanged for a Threonine. If mgl A was mutated to replace Threonine with Asoartine (the way it is in most Ras proteins), no movement or formation of the fruiting body occurred. Also, induced activation of this protein (forcing GTP to bind to it) causes movement, but not development of the fruiting body. The calcium dependent mgl B protein is also required for movement. Found right next to mgl A and transcribed at the same time, mgl B is believed to be a guanyl nucleotide release factor (REM for short). REMs facilitate the release of GDP from Ras type proteins (mgl A) so that it can bind more G...

Units Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words - 2

Units - Coursework Example Internet marketing is â€Å"essentially everything that you do, both online and offline, to influence people to buy your product or service from an online medium such as a website† (Michie, 10). There are some principle benefits from internet marketing like low cost involved and easy reach to customers across the world. With the help of internet marketing, sales can increase rapidly since millions of customers can make easy access to a company’s website and gain knowledge about its products and services. Email communication has become a popular mode of staying connected with customers. For customers it is no longer necessary to rely on telephone for getting information about a company as most companies have their own websites. Thus, with the help of internet marketing it has become easier to achieve business objectives of enhanced sales and huge customer base. Also, internet marketing makes more effective targeting and segmentation since it is possible to keep track of which products have most demand. Moreover, with the internet it is possible to address specific group of customers with similar likes and dislikes. All these will help the company make products according to target customer demand. Market segmentation can be demographic, geographic, psychographic and lifestyle. Demographic segmentation is based on age, social class, gender and income. Geographic segmentation is based on regions where customers belong to since customers from different countries or whether they are in towns or cities of same country display different demands and purchasing capacity. Psychographic or lifestyle segmentation is based on customers’ personality, opinions and interest. Also, the 7ps (product, price, promotion, place, people, process, physical evidence) of marketing mix is very important in internet marketing. Internet is a reliable tool for assessing the demand of a product. Once demand pattern

The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Research Paper

The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Economy - Research Paper Example Households that have current union members positively view labor unions as having positive effects on American economy than those with former union members and those who have never been union members. People in different income levels observe that unions have positive effects on members’ benefits, working conditions and salary. On the other hand, the bureau for statistics for US says that households in current unions also believe that unions have a positive impact in workplace and US economy. 48% of union household members agree to this, while 34% of the former union members oppose it. In the US, workers who are members of unions receive more benefits at the cost of those who have no unions. However, it has been discovered that unions are fighting for the rights of member workers, but at the same time trying to reap large bundles of their own benefits. The worst problem is that this reduces the competitiveness of US companies in global markets and consequently the economy (Thomas, John, & Valletta, 2004). The authors further state that the benefits of union workers are derived from bargaining power of the union, monopoly, and the face of collective voice. It is clearly evident that labor unions are mainly good for US workers as opposed to the competitiveness of the economy. A research presented by Bureau of Statistics for US in 2009 shows that the rating in favor of labor unions is 45% and though at a low level, it is an expression of a positive view. The rating for business corporations is 47% which also indicates a favorable impression; drop is about a historic low. The expression of American view of labor union’s effects on wages and working conditions are mixed. 53% of them believe that they positively affect union workers’ benefits and salaries, while 17% argue that they have negative effects. The table below shows the declining

History of Canadian Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Canadian Labor - Essay Example While plenty of research works paved the way for jotting down crucial historical components related to labor history in other countries, there wasn't too much of study materials for the historians to trace the labor history of Canada. However, with the publication of the Committee on Canadian Labour History, the history of Canadian labor, especially the changing context in the working class section, has assumed an important dimension. Historically, the working class people in Canada, despite their contribution to the economic growth and development of the country, and despite the fact that Canada has always depended more on factory production than service sectors, has remained in the shadows of negligence. The formation of trade unions in the 1880s and the working class revolt in the beginning of the twentieth century have played an important role in shaping the future of Canadian workers. Even today, majority of Canadians earn their livelihood from factory wages. But the changing sc enario is best reflected in the fact that most labors are not registered to unions in modern day Canada. It might be noted however that labor unions, at present or in the past, have been devising effective strategies to take the workers' issues to the respective higher authorities, and this draws the working class into joining unions in large numbers. This paper is going to critically examine the changing situations in the labor history of Canada, especially between 1940 and 1975. Systemization of labor was a major area of focus in Canadian history. This was important because bulk of nation's revenues came from large-scale production. In the 1870s, the living environment of labors in Canada was not at all healthy and conducive to profitable outcomes. So it was important to build a foundation that could lead to prosperity of the workers for the greater welfare of the nation. Incepted in 1869 by Philadelphia garment cutters, the Knights of Labor was one of the prominent labor reformist organizations in the late nineteenth century. The main objective of this secret organization was to launch a campaign for cooperation and education among the working class fraternity, without gender or racial bias. The idea of maximizing the potential of skilled labors was given foremost priority. The age of rapid industrialization required deployment of efficient workers to get optimum output. While the experience and competency of veteran labors was an asset to the management, the youthful exuberance of the young working class brigade was nothing less an important area of contention. The integration of Canadian capitalism in the twentieth century brought a new era in working class history. Diversification of unions, the impending threat of a cold war, gender biases at workplaces, inconsistent wage structures and frequent workouts did not augur well for the overall economic growth of the country. Most workers lived a life of perpetual struggle for food, clothing and shelter. New managerial machinery, so to speak, was introduced to downsize excess workers. It sparked the labor unrest all the more as skilled labors did not appreciate the new rules. Earlier in the nineteenth century, majority of workers in Canada enjoyed supremacy at their workplaces. But

Changes to McDonalds: An Analysis

Changes to McDonalds: An Analysis Introduction About the Report The main objective of this report is to actually look in depth on McDonalds, a fast food restaurant that has been there for so many years and analyze the differences between McDonalds in the past and at present which can be explained further using SWOT and PEST analysis. From there onwards, we are able to see and understand how McDonalds changes through time so that the company can compete with other companies and yet at the same time cater to the different needs of its consumer. Information gathered are from internet resources and my personal experience working in McDonalds for more than half a year. McDonalds History McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 31,000 local restaurants serving more than 58 million people in 118 countries each day. So ever wonder how the world famous McDonalds begins and who were the ones that started this business? The McDonald brothers Dick and Mac opened the first McDonalds restaurant at 1940 in San Bernardino, California. In 1954, Ray Kroc became the first person to gain the rights to franchise McDonalds; opening his first restaurant in Des Plain, Illinois on April 15 and the McDonalds corporation was created. Phenomenal Growth in the 1960s and 1970s In 1961, Kroc bought all the rights of McDonalds concept from the McDonald brothers for$ 2.7 million and at the same year, the Hamburger University was opened. During 1960s and 1970s, McDonalds success was i large part due to the companys skillful marketing and flexible response to customer demand, introducing new burgers like the Filet-O-Fish and Big Mac. The first restaurant outside of the USA opened in Canada and Puerto Rico. Fred Turner became the companys president and chief administrative officer. Kroc became chairman and CEO until 1973. Turner had originally intended open a McDonalds franchise, but when he had problems with his backers over location, he went to work as a grill man for Kroc in 1956. As operations vice-president, Turner helped franchisees get their stores up and running. He was constantly looking for new ways to perfect the McDonalds system, pointing out that seconds could be saved if McDonalds used buns that were presliced all the way through and were not stuck together in the package. Such attention to details was one of the reasons for the companys extraordinary success. In 1972 passed $1 billion in annual sales; by 1976, McDonalds had served billion hamburgers and system wide sales exceeded $3 billion. McDonalds in the recent years McDonalds had been recording declining profits since 2001. Although turnover was increasing, there was a continuous declining in its operating profit and net profit margins. To turnaround its fortune, the company adopted the â€Å"Plan To Win† strategy in 2003. The main purpose of the strategy was to bring about the improvement in the companys performance by building it around five key drivers of customer experience-People, Product, Price, Place and Promotions; and by identifying opportunities on the basis of the four basic aspects of its mission statement Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value. The strategy was also based on what McDonalds considered as three essential components of success-Operational Excellence, Leadership Marketing and Innovation. McDonalds Corp. has finally selected a new trans-fat-free oil for cooking its French fries, hash browns, all chicken choices, and Filet-O-Fish and has made the switch during 2008. This change has been made because consumption of trans fat increases the risk of getting coronary heart disease and customers are being more aware of that. Though McDonalds was among the first to say it would stop using unhealthy oils, it has been slow to make the change. On the other hand, its competitors like Yum Brands Incs KFC and Taco Bell and Burger King Holdings Inc had earlier swapped for trans-fat-free oil in 2007. Companys Mission and Vision statement McDonalds Mission statement Be the best employer for our people in each community around the world Deliver operational excellence to our customers in each of our restaurants; and Achieve enduring profitable growth by expanding the brand and leveraging the strengths of the McDonalds system through innovation and technology. McDonalds Vision statement â€Å"McDonalds vision is to be the worlds best quick service restaurant experience. Being best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile.† PEST Analysis Political The international operations of McDonalds are highly influenced by the individual state policies enforced by each government. (2001, 705) For instance, there are certain groups in Europe and the United States that clamor for state actions pertaining to the health implications of eating fast food. (2005) They have indicated that harmful elements like cholesterol and adverse effects like obesity are attributable to consuming fast food products. On the other hand, the company is controlled by the individual policies and regulations of operations. Specific markets focus on different areas of concern such as that of health, worker protection, and environment. All these elements are seen in the government control of the licensing of the restaurants in the respective states. For instance, there is an impending legal dispute in the McDonalds franchise in India where certain infringement of rights and violation of religious laws pertaining to the contents of the food. The existence of meat in their menus in India is apparently offensive to the Hindu religion in the said market. There are also other studies that point to the infringement of McDonalds Stores with reference to the existing employment laws in the target market. Like any business venture, these McDonalds stores have to contend with the issues of employment procedures as well as their tax obligations so as to succeed in the foreign market. Economical Organisations in the fast food industry are not excused from any disputes and troubles. Specifically, they do have their individual concerns involving economic factors. Branches and franchises of fast food chains like McDonalds has the tendency to experience hardship in instances where the economy of the respective states is hit by inflation and changes in the exchange rates. The customers consequently are faced with a stalemate of going over their individual budgets whether or not they should use up more on these foreign fast food chains. (2004) Hence, these chains may have to put up with the issues of the effects of the economic environment. Particularly, their problem depends on the response of the consumers on these fundamentals and how it could influence their general sales. In regarding the operations of the company, food chains like McDonalds tend to import much of their raw materials into a specific territory if there is a dearth of supply. Exchange rate fluctuations will als o play a significant role in the operations of the company. As stated in the paragraph above, McDonalds stores have to take a great deal of consideration with reference to their microenvironment. The companys international supply as well as the existing exchange rates is merely a part of the overall components needed to guarantee success for the foreign operations of McDonalds. Moreover, it is imperative that the company be cognizant of the existing tax requirements needed by the individual governments on which they operate. This basically ensures the smooth operations of the McDonalds franchises. In the same regard, the company will also have to consider the economic standing of the state on which they operate on. The rate at which the economy of that particular state grows determines the purchasing power of the consumers in that country. Hence, if a franchise operates in a particularly economically weak state, hence their products shall cost higher than the other existing products in the market, and then these franchises must take on certai n adjustments to maintain the economies of scale. Social Cultural Articles on the international strategies of McDonalds seem to function on several fields to guarantee lucrative returns for the organisation. To illustrate, the organisation improves on establishing a positive mind-set from their core consumers. McDonalds indulge a particular variety of consumers with definite types of personalities. (1994) It has also been noted that the company have given the markets such as the United Kingdom, an option with regards to their dining needs. (2005) pointed out that McDonalds has launched a sensibly valued set of food that tenders a reliable level of quality for the respective market where it operates. Additionally, those who are aged just below the bracket of thirty-five are said to be the most frequent consumers of McDonalds franchises. (2005) The multifaceted character of business nowadays is reflected in the harsh significance of the information on the subject of the existing market. This procedure is essentially identified in the field as market research. (1997) Information with regards to the appeal and potential fields of the market would double as obstructions to the success of the company if this area of the operations is neglected. In the case of McDonalds they establish a good system in determining the needs of the market. The company uses concepts of consumer behaviour product personality and purchasing decisions to its advantage. (1998) it is said to have a major influence on the understanding of the prospective performance of the organisation in a particular market. (2000) Technological McDonalds generates a demand for their own products. (2006) The Companys key tool for marketing is by means of television advertisements. There are similarly some claims that McDonalds are inclined to interest the younger populations more. The existence of play spots as well as toys in meals offered by the company shows this actuality. (1995) Other demonstration of such a marketing strategy is apparent in the commercials of they use. They employ animated depictions of their characters like Grimace and Hamburglar. Other advertising operations employ popular celebrities to promote their products. The like has become endorsers for McDonalds worldwide â€Å"loving it† campaign. Moreover, the operations of McDonalds have significantly been infused with new technology. Elements like the inventory system and the management of the value chain of the company allows for easy payments for their suppliers and other vendors which the individual stores in respective markets deal with. The i ntegration of technology in the operations of McDonalds tend to add value to their products. Basically, this is manifested in the improvements on its value chain. The improvement of the inventory system as well as its supply chain allows the company to operate in an international context. Conclusion Observations In order to gain any advantage over businesses in the same market, a company must find some sort of differentiation to exploit- McDonalds is no different. They have focused their marketing advantage on good food with fast service as well as their willingness to change and innovate. An example of this can be found with the implementation of Chicken McNuggets. At first, people were not thrilled with eating meat with their hands but McDonalds responded by adding BBQ sauce for dipping, which cause McNuggets to explode onto the scene. McDonalds successful name brands have spread all over the world, and with their competitive advantage, and marketing campaign dominating over competing companies, they look to stay at the top of the fast food business for the foreseeable future. Recommendations Implement new healthier food options in their menus. It is obvious they already did this to some extent with offering milks, salads and yoghurts, but they can do more to continue to flourish. In order to stay above negative press about health risks (â€Å"Supersize Me†, etc), McDonalds must bounce back by altering their menus in a positive, health conscious way-dramatically change their food choices. Refurnish restaurant franchises by changing their entire look of what the inside of McDonalds looks like. Instead of the old fashioned tiles and outdated table and chairs, McDonalds should employ a more contemporary ‘new age look. By doing this, they will change the way consumers think of McDonalds s just a fast food restaurant joint, instead sending them the message that is instead a high-scale restaurant. By simply changing the physical surrounding inside McDonalds (as well as adding few TVs and modern amenities), the restaurant will appeal to many more people who have been overexposed to â€Å"the same old thing†, as well as giving them more excitement/enthusiasm to come and eat at McDonalds. McDonalds should work more to expand beyond its namesake franchise. As a company they should take advantage of the name brand recognition associated with McDonalds brand and create other brands producing new, dynamic types of food. By moving to adjacent markets, McDonalds can use their current success to their advantage by starting to become involved in diverse food markets, which will increase revenue in the long run. Conclusion McDonalds is and will be the leading food services for the many years to come. But the company can do more by changing their menus into a much healthier menu by introducing more vegetables and fruits as there are a growing number of health conscious consumers and if the company is able to so, they can attract more customers and hold off their competitors such as Burger King and KFC. So with that in mind, there are still many aspects that McDonalds can improve on to continue their domination in this world of business.

Macbeth - Images and Imagery :: Macbeth essays

MacbethL Imagery One of the most important tools in literature is imagery. It is not just in there to fill up paper; rather, there is at least one dramatic purpose for each image and there are many different types of imagery. This essay seeks to prove that in the play Macbeth the author William Shakespeare uses darkness imagery for three dramatic purposes. Those three purposes are, to create atmosphere, to arouse the emotions of the audience and to contribute to the major theme of the play. The darkness imagery in Macbeth contributes to its ominous atmosphere. In the very beginning of the play the three witches are talking and the first witch says "When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?" (Macbeth 1. 1. line 1). This is a good example of darkness imagery because when you think of the crashing thunder, lightning and rain, they all remind you of evil and ominous things. Later on the Sergeant is talking with Duncan and Malcolm when he states "Ship wrecking storms and direful thunders break" (1. 2. l26). Again this darkness imagery contributes to the ominous atmosphere of the play, having reference to thunder and dark storms. Finally, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are talking in the scene just before the murder of Banquo and Macbeth says "Light thickens, and the crow makes wing to the rooky wood: Good things of day begin to droop and drowse, whiles night's black agents to their preys do rouse" (3. 2. l50-53). This example of darkness imagery is saying that the day is turning into night, all the good things are going to sleep, and the evil creatures are coming out . The evil in this previous quotation and the two before adds to the ominous atmosphere. Since the imagery creates an ominous atmosphere it would then lead to the second dramatic purpose, to arouse the emotions of the audience. Darkness imagery is a very good tool for arousing the emotions of the audience. It enables people to create a mental picture of the what they are reading. For instance, in this instance of darkness imagery Duncan and Macbeth were talking when Macbeth says aside "Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires" (1. 4. l50-51). When words like dark and desire are put in that context it creates many horrible mental pictures about murders and fights which arouses peoples emotions. Ross is later talking with an old man when he states "By the clock `tis day, and yet dark night strangles the traveling lamp" (2.

Cost Control and Cost Reduction

PRINCIPLES OF COST CONTROL 1. 1 Introduction Cost is important to all industry. Costs can be divided into two general classes; absolute costs and relative costs. Absolute cost measures the loss in value of assets. Relative cost involves a comparison between the chosen course of action and the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action – the action not taken – is often called the â€Å"opportunity cost†. The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost.However, the forest engineer, the planner, the manager needs to be concerned with the alternative cost – the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be able to make comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such comparisons require the ability to predict costs, rather than merely record costs. Cost data are, of course, essential to the technique of cost prediction. However, the form in which much cost data are recorded limits accurate cost prediction to the field of comparable situations only.This limitation of accurate cost prediction may not be serious in industries where the production environment changes little from month to month or year to year. In harvesting, however, identical production situations are the exception rather than the rule. Unless the cost data are broken down and recorded as unit costs, and correlated with the factors that control their values, they are of little use in deciding between alternative procedures. Here, the approach to the problem of useful cost data is that of identification, isolation, and control of the factors affecting cost. . 2 Basic Classification of Costs Costs are divided into two types: variable costs, and fixed costs. Variable costs vary per unit of production. For example, they may be the cost per cubic meter of wood yarded, per cubic meter of dirt excavated, etc. Fixed costs, on the other hand, are incurred only once and as additional units of production are produced, the unit costs fall. Examples of fixed costs would be equipment move-in costs and road access costs. 1. 3 Total Cost and Unit-Cost Formulas As harvesting operations become more complicated and involve both fixed and ariable costs, there usually is more than one way to accomplish a given task. It may be possible to change the quantity of one or both types of cost, and thus to arrive at a minimum total cost. Mathematically, the relationship existing between volume of production and costs can be expressed by the following equations: Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost ? output In symbols using the first letters of the cost elements and N for the output or number of units of production, these simple formulas are C = F + NV UC = F/N + V 1. Breakeven Analysis A breakeven analysis determines the point at which one method becomes superior to another method of accomplishing some task or objective. Breakeven analysis is a common and important part of cost cont rol. One illustration of a breakeven analysis would be to compare two methods of road construction for a road that involves a limited amount of cut-and-fill earthwork. It would be possible to do the earthwork by hand or by bulldozer. If the manual method were adopted, the fixed costs would be low or non-existent.Payment would be done on a daily basis and would call for direct supervision by a foreman. The cost would be calculated by estimating the time required and multiplying this time by the average wages of the men employed. The men could also be paid on a piece-work basis. Alternatively, this work could be done by a bulldozer which would have to be moved in from another site. Let us assume that the cost of the hand labor would be $0. 60 per cubic meter and the bulldozer would cost $0. 40 per cubic meter and would require $100 to move in from another site.The move-in cost for the bulldozer is a fixed cost, and is independent of the quantity of the earthwork handled. If the bulldo zer is used, no economy will result unless the amount of earthwork is sufficient to carry the fixed cost plus the direct cost of the bulldozer operation. Figure 1. 1 Breakeven Example for Excavation. If, on a set of coordinates, cost in dollars is plotted on the vertical axis and units of production on the horizontal axis, we can indicate fixed cost for any process by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. If variable ost per unit output is constant, then the total cost for any number of units of production will be the sum of the fixed cost and the variable cost multiplied by the number of units of production, or F + NV. If the cost data for two processes or methods, one of which has a higher variable cost, but lower fixed cost than the other are plotted on the same graph, the total cost lines will intersect at some point. At this point the levels of production and total cost are the same. This point is known as the â€Å"breakeven† point, since at this level one method is as economical as the other.Referring to Figure 1. 1 the breakeven point at which quantity the bulldozer alternative and the manual labor alternative become equal is at 500 cubic meters. We could have found this same result algebraically by writing F + NV = F' + NV' where F and V are the fixed and variable costs for the manual method, and F' and V' are the corresponding values for the bulldozer method. Since all values are known except N, we can solve for N using the formula N = (F' – F) / (V – V') 1. 5 Minimum Cost Analyses A similar, but different problem is the determination of the point of minimum total cost.Instead of balancing two methods with different fixed and variable costs, the aim is to bring the sum of two costs to a minimum. We will assume a clearing crew of 20 men is clearing road right-of-way and the following facts are available: 1. Men are paid at the rate of $0. 40 per hour. 2. Time is measured from the time of leaving camp to the time of return. 3. Total walking time per man is increasing at the rate of 15 minutes per day. 4. The cost to move the camp is $50. If the camp is moved each day, no time is lost walking, but the camp cost is $50 per day.If the camp is not moved, on the second day 15 crew-minutes are lost or $2. 00. On the third day, the total walking time has increased 30 minutes, the fourth day, 45 minutes, and so on. How often should the camp be moved assuming all other things are equal? We could derive an algebraic expression using the sum of an arithmetic series if we wanted to solve this problem a number of times, but for demonstration purposes we can simply calculate the average total camp cost. The average total camp cost is the sum of the average daily cost of walking time plus the average daily cost of moving camp.If we moved camp each day, then average daily cost of walking time would be zero and the cost of moving camp would be $50. 00. If we moved the camp every other day, the cost of walking time is $2. 00 lost the second day, or an average of $1. 00 per day. The average daily cost of moving camp is $50 divided by 2 or $25. 00. The average total camp cost is then $26. 00. If we continued this process for various numbers of days the camp remains in location, we would obtain the results in Table 1. 1. TABLE 1. 1 Average daily total camp cost as the sum of the cost of walking time plus the cost of moving camp.Days camp remained in location| Average daily cost of walking time| Average daily cost of moving camp| Average total camp cost| 1| 0. 00| 50. 00| 50. 00| 2| 1. 00| 25. 00| 26. 00| 3| 2. 00| 16. 67| 18. 67| 4| 3. 00| 12. 50| 15. 50| 5| 4. 00| 10. 00| 14. 00| 6| 5. 00| 8. 33| 13. 33| 7| 6. 00| 7. 14| 13. 14| 8| 7. 00| 6. 25| 13. 25| 9| 8. 00| 5. 56| 13. 56| 10| 9. 00| 5. 00| 14. 00| We see the average daily cost of walking time increasing linearly and the average cost of moving camp decreasing as the number of days the camp remains in one location increases.The minimum cost is obta ined for leaving the camp in location 7 days (Figure 1. 2). This minimum cost point should only be used as a guideline as all other things are rarely equal. An important output of the analysis is the sensitivity of the total cost to deviations from the minimum cost point. In this example, the total cost changes slowly between 5 and 10 days. Often, other considerations which may be difficult to quantify will affect the decision. In Section 2, we discuss balancing road costs against skidding costs.Sometimes roads are spaced more closely together than that indicated by the point of minimum total cost if excess road construction capacity is available. In this case the goal may be to reduce the risk of disrupting skidding production because of poor weather or equipment availability. Alternatively, we may choose to space roads farther apart to reduce environmental impacts. Due to the usually flat nature of the total cost curve, the increase in total cost is often small over a wide range o f road spacings. Figure 1. 2 Costs for Camp Location Example.

A Night at Alpine Restaraunt on Thursday.

A Night at Alpine Restaraunt on Thursday. It is 6:30 p.m. and I have just arrived at home. Rushing to ready myself as fast as I can for several hours of line dancing, carousing and a scrumptious meal at the Alpine Restaurant in Torrance, CA. Now it is 7:00 p.m., and I have my mind set on a beef dip sandwich and a bowl of the best potato soup. My dad gives me a ride and drops me off at the front entrance of the restaurant at the Alpine Village.I kiss my dad good-bye and walk through the front doors. I pick up a schedule from the maitre'd and start walking across the restaurant to my favorite table. The schedule has a monthly listing of band performances that are also used as place mats at the dinner tables. To me, there is nothing like a Thursday night of dancing at the Alpine Restaurant with my friends.English: Line dancing at a Country Western Dance H...Of coarse, I do not make it all the way to my awaiting table. I see familiar faces along the way as most of my friends begin to surround me with their questions about colleg e and life. My friends are the "regulars", like myself. I give them all hugs as they compliment me on my dancing outfit. I love my friends, as they are like family to me. Most of them are old enough to be my grandparents, but I enjoy their company.I finally make it to my table where my closest friends are waiting for the music to begin. We are a combination of many different age groups and have never lost the art of knowing how to talk about life in real terms of endearment. Casey is 15; Lyno is 30; Tracy is 25; Roselyn is 19: Travis is 70; and my mom well...

Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish Essays

Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish Essays Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish Paper Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish Paper Within fish, the counter-current exchange system allows for the efficient extraction of oxygen from the water by the gills. Basically when a fish takes in water, the flow of it is opposite to the flow of blood. As they rush by each other oxygen from the water is given to the blood (metabolic rate is also effected in animals that remain active because tend to consume more oxygen than those at rest). The size of a fish is relevant to oxygen consumption as larger fish consume more oxygen overall than smaller fish. The primary objective of this experiment is to note the effects of temperature on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rates of goldfish. We hypothesize that the ventilation rate of those fish that are subjected to warmer water temperatures versus colder temperatures will have a higher ventilation rate. The Fish in the warm water will consume more oxygen than the fish in the cold water. Overall oxygen will be mostly consumed by the fish that are in the warm water. MATERIALS METHODS Split into groups of two, we were given Goldfish fairly similar in weight. We then transferred the fish to the appropriate jar from the beaker that was used to sigh them and added sufficient amounts of water to fill their capacities. After about 10 minutes, we hastily added the sponges to the jar pushing it halfway down the jar to assure no oxygen had entered the empty spaces between the water and the sponge. We then refilled the jars with the appropriate amounts of water and allowed a small amount to overflow. We then quickly placed the calibrated oxygen probes on and took the initial readings for the ventilation rate (Ventilations per minute), oxygen concentration (MGM/L) and temperature (co) for O minutes. Ventilation rates are in direct correlation with temperature. Graph II. Oxygen Concentration of Group and Class. Warm water shows a trend f less oxygen concentration while cold water shows a higher concentration of oxygen. Graph Ill. Oxygen Consumption of Group and Class. The trend shows that fishes consume more oxygen in warm water, except after the 30 min. Interval. DISCUSSION In Graph l, as predicted the fish in the warm water will have a higher rate of ventilation compared to fish in the cold water. The Class Mean of Ventilation Rates showed an overall significant difference where the fish in warm water has a high ventilation rate than the fish in the cold water. In Graph II, as predicted the fish in warm water used up more oxygen and thus ad a lesser concentration than the fish in the cold water as their body processes slow down and oxygen is conserved itself. There was an error as oxygen concentration increased after 30 minutes for the fish in warm water as some how it seemed as if more oxygen was added in the closed container. The result of the fish in the cold water, as predicted showed that oxygen gradually decreased which itself as the body processes of fish slowed down. In Graph Ill, in general the results showed that both the fish in our group and by the class standard had something go wrong as for the warm fish, oxygen munitions should have remained stable over periods of time, and the oxygen consumption of the fish in the warm water should have over all been higher as the fish in the cold water slow down their metabolic and respiratory processes. In both interpretation of the data, oxygen consumption increased and decreased repeatedly. Meaning oxygen was somehow added to the beaker containing the fish. This error may have happened through individual groups not properly securing that their sponge had no air bubbles within it, before replacing it back into the beaker with the water. This may have possibly been responsible for the Geiger concentration of oxygen therefore interfering with our results. Also for every group their opposing fish in similar weight, were not identically the same size, each fish was a mere estimate one another. This may have tempered results as fish that are generally larger in size consume more oxygen. As a fish ventilates, it absorbs oxygen and within a closed chamber (as conducted by this experiment) the amount of oxygen present decreases. Metabolic rates depend on temperature. As temperature increases the rate of oxygen consumption increases too, although an increase in temperature demands efficient amount of oxygen. ABSTRACT Oxygen is just as fundamentally vital for fishes as it is for the well-being of Humans. In this Lab we examined if varying the temperature of the water had caused a change in the ventilation rate and oxygen consumption of Goldfish. In this experiment we hoped to demonstrate the effect of temperature variance on the ventilation rates of Goldfish. This was done by having two fish (similar in weight) respectively placed in tanks of differing water temperature. One tank filled with water 25 degrees Celsius (room temperature) and another tank with eater of 15 degrees Celsius. We then measured ventilation rate and oxygen consumption. The results showed that the fish placed in the warmer water had a higher ventilation rate than those that were placed in the colder water. They also expended more oxygen having lesser concentration than the fish in the colder water. There is however, a probability of error. Firstly, because our fish were not completely identical in weight and secondly, when placing the sponge into the jar containing fish there may have still been oxygen bubbles within it that may have manipulated our results.

How to Choose a Content Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Choose a Content Management System - Essay Example Overcomplicated, end-to-end packages can as much as quintuple site operational costs over human labor alternatives. Unfortunately, the breadth of many vendors' all too-inclusive 'silver-bullet solution' vision has left these companies struggling with platform lock-in, overengineered site infrastructures, exorbitant technical maintenance costs, and per-business-user costs averaging as much as $25,000 per year." Investing in this technology is not cheap; an enterprise-wide system such as Interwoven can cost over $300,0005 to purchase. Open-source solutions such as Zope may save on license fees but will have development and maintenance costs too. Common problems include overspending on the platform, poorly implemented search solutions6 and manually updating content - all of which undermines ROI and TCO. WebSideStory's paper addresses a real training need by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches to CMS implementation and identifying how to leverage the technology to add value to the business. The paper is positioned to inform and persuade the reader that internet-based subscription CMS will prove to have the lowest TCO and ROI of any of the 4 approaches for implementing CMS (manual, automated, subscription o

Shifting cultural attitudes towards smoking Essay

Shifting cultural attitudes towards smoking - Essay Example Attitudes towards smoking have undergone considerable changes over the past six decades. In the 1950s, there was minimal, if any, awareness amongst the population regarding the effects of smoking.In fact smoking became a common practice amongst physicians after the World War I. Doctors did not warn people against engaging in smoking, active or passive; some of them were even involved in the promotion of the tobacco industry without disclosing the deleterious nature of smoking (Novella). Advertising companies employed such tactics to make people believe that smoking was not harmful since a large proportion of the doctors smoked. In fact doctors used to recommend patients to smoke to pacify their nerves as exemplified by the advertisements of Camel cigarettes â€Å"If you are acting grumpy, then have a smoke and mellow out† (Hoover). Advertisements in the 1940s and 1950s used to reflect the same consumer trend. In one such advertisement, a doctor is questioned â€Å"what brand of cigarettes do you smoke, doctor?† (Novella). Novella observes that the 1950s represented a paternalistic relationship between the doctor and the patient. The doctor used to be the final authority and no one used to doubt his judgment. However the 1950s saw a change in the cultural attitudes towards smoking. This change is attributable to the completion of three significant epidemiological studies which concluded a strong relationship between smoking and cancer.... According to Job Fowles, a Harvard University Graduate, by analyzing six advertisements between 1940 and 2000, one can appreciate how subtly advertising has encouraged youth to initiate smoking. One of the reasons why such advertisements have been successful is because they tend to create the impression that smoking can provide what the youth are looking for. Typically, these advertisements have attracted the youth by promoting that they deliver prominence and a means of escape and affiliation to the youth; this has been at least the case for the earlier smoking advertisements. An advertisement of Philip Morris in 1956, for example, focused more on how younger generation, having â€Å"fresher, unspoiled tastes† are able to appreciate the â€Å"gentleness and delicate flavor† of the cigarettes (Media Awareness Network). Marlboro, in 1955, started featuring well-built men with tattooed arms and the 1960s saw the company showing cowboys and the American West. A lot of mone y was put into the advertisements of tobacco by tobacco companies, working towards making people believe that smoking was a trendy and fashionable thing. Smoking was classy and enjoyable and was expected to provide sex appeal, style and longevity (Chickenhead Productions). Indy Speedway reviewed the changes in cigarette advertisements over the past few decades. According to it, Camel cigarettes introduced the images of men and commercialized their toughness even in the 1970s. They emphasized on the uniqueness and physical appearance of the men. The advertisements of Camel cigarettes also featured women, admiring the men, and every advertisement used to have a different woman staring at the men. Indy

Hume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hume - Essay Example Hume wrote a book on religion known as the â€Å"Dialogues concerning Natural Religion†. Following is a piece from that literature: â€Å"an eternal inherent principle of order to the world† In this piece of conversation Hume is arguing on the principle of religion and the ideology propagated by the religious texts and other literature. He says that the religion has been propounded as the order to the world. The religious people always based their theory tp be the world of God and Hume is questioning the same theory by making a sarcastic point with effect that all this is a theory in nature and nothing else. The reality is something according to Hume. To this point Philo says that religion is the ultimate truth in the universe and that those who do not follow religion and despise should be given a punishment so that they understand the importance of religion as well as believe in them. To this point Hume says that all this is propaganda by the religious organizations wh o try to turn people into believing the religion of their choice so as to include maximum number of people into this theme to make their ideology powerful, but in reality there is nothing like religion which exists. He goes on to say that there are other means to achieve salvation and self-satisfaction in the world. He says that the human mind is strong enough to find the way on its own and does not need the influence of religion in its life. He says that through wisdom and knowledge of materialistic things around us we may be able to find the true reason for our survival. He believes in the origin of science and says that the only way to live a happy life is to follows the desires of the human mind rather than following what a religious text says. Following is the second quote in the essay: â€Å"The principles themselves and their manner of operation are totally unknown† This is the second quote which shall be analysed in the essay. In this quote Hume says that those who ca me up with the idea of religion themselves do not know how the whole deal with the nature started in the first place. It is a mass agenda with political ambition which has driven the concept of religion in the way as it exists in the world as of today. Following is a quotation to explain the point in a better manner: â€Å"This I affirm, from the infirmities of human understanding, to be altogether incomprehensible and unknown to us. The essence of that Supreme Mind, his attributes, the manner of his existence, the very nature of his duration; these, and every particular which regards so divine a Being, are mysterious to men. Finite, weak, and blind creatures, we ought to humble ourselves in his august presence; and, conscious of our frailties, adore in silence his infinite perfections, which eye hath not seen, ear hath not heard, neither hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive. They are covered in a deep cloud from human curiosity† Over here it is explained that Hu me does not think that humans are aware of the true picture with respect to the God and his origin, and whether or not he exists in the first place. Religion is an outcome of human curiosity, but according to Hume it is a very weak outcome of such curiosity. He argues on the point that the believers of religion do not want to go that extra mile in search of the truth and it their quest to attain truth and divinity

Include strategies Essay Example for Free

Include strategies Essay Plan, implement and evaluate at least three activities for children in the foundation stage. You should ensure that across the three plans there are learning goals from each of the 6 areas of learning. Your plans should include strategies for differentiation.  Claire Field  Preston College  Introduction  The purpose of this work is to review the nature and content of the foundation stage curriculum and to consider the theoretical underpinning and underlying principles that have assisted in the formation of this early years practice. Through the planning and implementation of three activities, spanning the full spectrum of the foundation stage curriculum, the writer aims to identify and meet the needs of foundation stage children. This work will then evaluate the provisions for these children and investigate further the ways in which differentiation strategies can be implemented to ensure all children, regardless of their abilities, or stage of development, may receive the curriculum, delivered in a style appropriate to them and their own personal requirements. In 1988 the Conservative government, under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, legislated that a National Curriculum be in force for pupils between the ages of 5 and 16, because she believed that  a good educational system was essential for the future  success of the nation (Ridley, 1992, p92)  Although a curriculum was in place for ages 5 to 16, there was a distinct lack of standardised learning for the early years. Margaret Hodge joined the Department for Education in 1998 and was responsible for reforming pre-school education policy (www.news.bbc.co.uk 12/10/2006). She was actively involved in the implementation of the Foundation Stage Curriculum in September 2000 and the publishing of the guidance to accompany this. The abilities of children are multifaceted and the foundation stage curriculum gives practitioners a much less rigid approach than the National Curriculum, by following the childrens progress using stepping stones. As the foundation stage curriculum is a government legislated policy, this means that all children should follow it. As it is flexible in the way in which it is implemented, it means that different types of settings can fashion the teaching methods to follow it in their own way. This means that whether a child attends a pre-school, an LEA nursery, a work-based nursery, or indeed a childminder, they are provided with the same curriculum. This is governed by Ofsted who maintain this proviso through their regular inspections. Good planning is essential in ensuring that all the practitioners involved can build a picture of the childrens development programme. Not only does it provide them with a premeditated programme of learning, but it also gives an opportunity for discussion to take place, where they can think about how they can progress children through the various stages of learning. For the practitioner to ensure all areas of the curriculum are covered, the planning must,  entail attention to overall (long-term) planning, medium  and short-term planningfor every aspect of every  lesson (Cohen et al, 2004, p125) Long term planning ensures that all the areas and aspects of learning within the curriculum are covered throughout the whole year and provides a template for the medium term planning. Correct use of the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, together with the knowledge of the practitioners relating to the individual children, means that the children experience new and exciting ways to learn through play. The long term plans of the settings must be flexible. They should incorporate the schools ethos and provide for an enriched curriculum with scope for differentiation to allow inclusion. Medium term planning then identifies the specific topics of work to be covered over the term, or half term. From these the practitioner then sets out the weekly activity plans, to guarantee full coverage of the learning outcomes within the set topics. It is vital that the plans cover the whole of the six areas of learning and that the practitioner assesses the progress of the children, in order to make certain that they are all progressing to the best of their capabilities. Recording achievements as stepping stones enables early years practitioners to carry out assessments whilst the children are involved in activities, thus preventing the child having any knowledge that an appraisal of their skills and understandings is being undertaken. Planning and evaluating the success criteria of an activity allows the practitioner to be certain that every area of the curriculum is covered. Piaget introduced three principles of cognitive development and these apply to all of the subjects studied in this report. His first principle is assimilation. He says that children do not absorb all the information they encounter. They actively engage in the assimilation process and learn what is relevant to them at their stage of development. The schema stage is next. During this phase the children relate what they know already to their current situation. The third phase is where the child wishes to seek stability cognitively. He utilises the knowledge gained and applies it to make a general logical picture (Oakley, 2004). From this it is clear to see how the children gain the learning and knowledge applicable to them by interpreting activities in their own way.

Principles Of Additive Manufacturing

Principles Of Additive Manufacturing Additive manufacturing (AM) is a general term for all technologies that produce parts by layer addition of material at the micron level, to achieve the required shape, besides of metal removal technique which is traditional subtractive process. During research period, AM the layer by layer manufacturing terminology has been standardised by the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) committee F42 on additive layer technologies. In the beginning AM technologies were restricted because of commonly accepted leading name Rapid prototyping (RP) for the production of parts and prototypes, which was the term used for many years to describe all layer additive manufacturing processes. Advancement in the material, process and system hardware cleared that the parts could be manufactured with an adequate mechanical property to let for further applications. This allowed the production of end use models with layer additive technologies, so rapid manufacturing (RM) was adopted which distinguish the functional nature of the models produced from the prior RP parts and prototypes. Recently AM is used generally and RM and RP are only use to illustrate the particular application of AM technologies. 1.2.1: Principles of Additive Manufacturing AM technologies fabricate models by fusing, sintering or polymerisation of materials in predetermined layers with no needs of tools. AM makes possible the manufacture of complex geometries including internal part detail that are approximately not possible to manufacture using machining and moulding processes, because process does not require predetermined tool paths, draft angles and under cuts. In AM the layers of a model are formed by slicing CAD data with professional software. All AM system work on the same principle; however, layer thickness depend upon parameters and machine being used and thickness of layer range from 10Â µm up to 200Â µm. Layers are clearly visible on the part surface in AM operation, which controls the quality of final product. The relation between thickness of layer and surface orientation is known as staircase effect. However, thinner the layer is the longer the processing time and higher the part resolution. Layers in AM are built up at the top of the previous one in z axis. After layer gets processed the work platform is dropped down by the single layer thickness in z axis and the fresh material layer is recoated differently for number of other methods. In resin based system traversing edge flatten the resin, in powder based system deposited powder is spread using roller or wiper, in some system the material is deposited through a nozzle which deposits the required material. Because recoating time is even longer than the layer processing time. For that sake multiple parts are building together in the time of single material recoating build. Different softwares are available to position and orient part so that maximum number of parts can be built together. Available softwares are VISCAM RP and Smart Space used in MAGICS. Some delicate parts produced through AM technologies need a support structure to hold the part in work platform during the build process. All AM machine uses different support structure that are designed from specific material for effective use of build parts. Commonly used support structures are thin small pointed teeth to minimising the part contact so that they can be removed easily with the hand tools. 1.3: Rapid Prototyping Rapid prototyping processes are a relatively recent development, accurately described as layer manufacturing processes. The first commercial RP machine was released at the AUTOFACT show in Detroit (USA) in November 1987 by the company named 3D systems. The process begins with creating a 3D model using CAD software and it is identical for all built techniques. The model is then convert in to Standard Triangulation Language (STL) format, this format shows the 3D surfaces as an assembly of many planner triangles. At next stage STL file slice the 3D model in to layers. As we know the additive manufacturing is gradual process in which parts are manufactures through layers and each layers are joined and process continues until the final part formed. Post processing is usually required to improve the surface finish of the product. RPs additive nature allows is to create parts with complicated internal features which is not possible by other means like hollow areas and undercuts for that these parts sometimes supports are necessary. (palm, W. (1998, May). Rapid Prototyping primer. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from Learing factory Rapid prototyping home page: http://www.mne.psu.edu) RP products often have low functionality and commonly used as a visual aids with in product development. However material selection decide the prototype testing for short term functionality parts. Most of the RP materials are polymer based, which is for limited part functionality. Although for little part functionality paper and starch based materials are used. RP modernised the product development with an ability to produce single and multiple physical models, facilitating the reduction of product development cycle time ranging for different industries. 1.3.1: Rapid prototyping technologies There is a huge number of experimental RP technologies either in development or used by small groups of individuals. RP techniques those are currently commercially available including: Stereolithography (SLA) is the first RP technique developed by 3D systems in 1987. SLA builds single layer at a time by tracing beam of laser on the vat of liquid UV curable photo polymer resin. UV light strikes the surface of the polymer resin and solidify the single layer of resin, when one layer is cured the built platform is dropped down by single layer thickness (Schmitt, Q. L. (2005). Rapid prototyping in dentistry: technology and application. Rapid prototyping in dentistry: technology and application , 11-13,42,44). A resin filled blade sweeps over the cross section and fill it with fresh material for further curing at the top of the previous layer, process continues until the model is produced. Material self adhesive property bond each layer and form a complete 3D model, fabricated part is cleaned in dawanol resin, alcohol and then cured in a UV oven. (wikipedia. (2010). wikipedia free encyclopedia. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from wikipedia web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/stereolithography) Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses powdered materials. This is one of the systems major advantages that a part could be built in any fusible powdered material. SLS technology was developed in Texas University, which was commercialized in 1993 by company named DTM. In 2001 the DTM were bought out by 3D systems. (http://www.jharper.demon.co.uk/rptc01.htm) This technology works by selectively sintering fine powder materials directly using an infrared (IR) laser from CAD. Numbers of thermoplastic materials are processed in SLS like nylon (polyamide) for rapid tooling application, aluminium filled nylon, polystyrene for sacrificial pattern in investment casting and gas filled nylon. Part produced through this process used as functional model as well as visual prototypes because of good mechanical properties. However as compared to traditional tool steel the part had poor mechanical properties, so material required post processing to form dense models, thus it was very difficult to control the part accuracy because of introduced stresses in processing stage. With the combination of EOS GmbH and Electrolux a special alloy powder was developed, which did not develop shrinkage distortions. Moreover introduction of fibre laser technology allowed the introduction of Selective laser melting (SLM) since the fibre laser allowed the sintering of metals that were completely melted in to dense part with no need of post process infiltration. Numbers of other technologies have been commercialised since 1991 such as laminated object manufacturing (LOM), fused deposition modelling (FDM), 3 dimensional printing (3DP). Recent technological availability of RP is increased with material diversity, which increased the efficiency of creating physical prototype in advanced product development. 1.4: Definition of Rapid Manufacturing Firstly, it is essential to give a definition of rapid manufacturing. The way that several parts are manufactured will change in the future. RM has been explained as the use of a CAD-based automated AM process to construct parts that are used directly as finished products or components (Hopkinson et al. 2006, p. 1) Since with the time change, the research on AM technologies and materials has advanced and the feasibility of fabrication of functional, low volume parts are increasingly in many industries. Many industries are examining the available technology and investigating the possibilities of design to increase the high functional component and to reduce product to market time. A key benefit of RM approach claimed that it proposes the opportunity of mass customization, however can be cost effective for individual short run part, clearing conventional designing constraints of manufacturing processes. RM greatly minimised wastage of raw material as compared to subtractive process, so got popular in aerospace industry, where expensive metal alloys are extensively used. The grade material such as titanium, ABS, nylon and aluminium has been the important part in the progress of RM technologies. (http://www.hse.gov.uk/horizons/rapidmanufacturing.pdf) The introduction of RM is not as simple as it first appears, although research in RM technologies and application are progressed by RP. The evolution is still in progress to link RM from research to actual manufacturing for that number of matters to be addressed that prevail need explanation and consensus before it can happen. RP produced prototype were not considered for product repeatability and quality measures. Since products of RM have proposed functionality, industrial certification and the requirements include material control, accuracy, speed, surface finish and part repeatability, so that RM is successfully applied in many industries including medical, automotive and aerospace to produce low quantity of small, high value parts with complex geometries that is difficult through conventional methods. (http://www.rm-platform.com/index2.php?option=com_docmantask=doc_viewgid=129Itemid=5) In future, RM technology addition in industries can offer small complex design feature parts that ever imagined with great manufacturing facilities and the extension of approach. Development of advanced materials and equipment enable the fabrication of complex product by directly manipulating the matters on a molecular scale. 1.5: Selective laser melting (SLM) 1.5.1: SLM background Selective laser melting machine was first introduced by Fockele and Schwarze (FS) of Germany in 1999 with the support of Fraunhofer institute of laser technology that was steel powder based SLM machine. Later in 2004 first SLM machine named Realizer 250 SLM was released commercially after FS coped up with MTT (MCP tooling technologies) and in 2005 high resolution machine named SLM Realizer 100 was released. Since the release of the MCP Realizer SLM, other manufacturer such as Concept laser and EOS released machine with different process named Laser curing and Direct metal laser sintering respectively. Concept laser (GmbH) first released M3 Liner and M1 Cusing in 2001, later they released another machine named M2 Cusing to produce reactive materials like titanium and aluminium alloys. EOS released the machine named EOSINT M 270 DMLS in 2003 and termed as the most common machine for direct metal fabrication. In 2008 MTT and 3D systems proclaimed a distribution agreement for the rights to distribute SLM machines in Americas and Japan. In 2008-09 new version of SLM was released by MTT named SLM 250 and SLM 125. 1.5.2: Basic principles of SLM SLM is a powder based additive manufacturing process that permits attaining 3D functional parts from a CAD data. SLM follows the same process route as SLS, where complete melting of powder occurs instead of sintering or partial melting. Process begins with the deposition of thin layer of powder thickness ranging from 50Â µm to 75Â µm across a substrate platform. A high power fibre laser scans the powder surface, the generated heat melt the powder particles and form molten pool. Once the layer has been scanned, the platform drops down by single layer thickness in z axis and the fresh layer of powder is deposited and the process is repeated until the entire built is completed. Loose powders are removed once the fully dense part is complete. SLM parts must be completed in inert gas atmosphere such as argon to remove oxygen from the building chamber. Supports like thin teeth shaped are needed to secure hanging features due to shrinkage of material solidification. The substrate is removed from the build chamber once the process gets complete and supports are removed carefully. SLM termed as the most viable techniques for direct fabrication of complex featured part of metals. SLM can permit the design optimization and production of the complex functionalities beyond the capabilities of traditional techniques, which is possible because of accuracy, versatility and the laser beam spot size. The small laser spot size minimizes the area to be melt enabling the manufacturing the part of high resolution. However, to be positioned SLM in RM category as a general method to achieve greater recognition in companies, methods and development need to be changed to perform and prove itself as being reliable, repeatable and cost effective production process. SLM also known as freeform fabrication process and capable to build thin wall complex features models of high resolution and extends its capabilities than the conventional processes such as customised medical implant especially dental crown and bridge frame work, tooling inserts with conformal cooling channel and functional models. SLM concerns primarily turn around the application of high powered fibre laser to generate high temperature to completely melt the powder, surface roughness is the main concerns of SLM because of high heat input causes material vaporisation and generation of spatter that subjected by melting and re-solidifying. But SLM parts cover committed microstructure parts and material properties that make possible this technique for the application. Benefits of SLM: Parts produced in this process are nearly 100% dense and have same mechanical strength as the original material Almost no powder material is wasted, the loose powders which was not solidified can be reused SLM offers minimum time to market, exact shape generation without an expansive moulds, process flexibility and great utilization of material SLM powder bed technology permits cheap and fast powder metallurgy. The alloys to be tested can utilized straightly with in the prototyping apparatus and alloys can easily accustomed with the change of elemental ratio of powders Drawbacks of SLM: SLM is regarded as the high temperature gradient, which causes thermal stress build up and rapid solidification so coarse to grainy surface finished parts are produced The inadequate availability of some materials in powder form restricts the range of material for processing. Process should be optimised for available material (Selective laser melting, 10 December; http://raproto.com/?cat=31, accessed on 25/5/2011 and http://www.mtm.kuleuven.be/Onderzoek/a2p2/researchtopics/SLM, accessed on 26/5/2011) 1.5.3: SLM materials SLM technology worked with all possibly relevant metals for part production. Process starts with identifying the physical behaviour of material being used with microscopic level of process understanding. In order to develop technique, the main quality aspect of parts being produced includes surface roughness, high functional strength, accuracy, density, hardness, residual stresses have to be observed before applied for the industrial applications. SLM system always develops parts with variety of materials and new ranges in which material property is easily changed with the property requirement with changing the mixture ratio. The range of materials are used that improved the new work powders such as tool steel, stainless steel, titanium alloy, aluminium alloy, cobalt chrome and inconel. (http://www.mtt-group.com/data/pdf/extract/0413-MTT_2pp_SLM_A4_%20Flyer_v1.pdf) Materials are described below according to property, alloy and applications: (http://www.xyzinnovation.com.au/assets/slm-brochure_290709.pdf) Titanium: Mechanical properties: High strength, low thermal expansion, high corrosion resistance, excellent machinability and bio compatibility and low weight. Alloys: Pure titanium, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-6Al-4V Applications: Medical implants, jewellery and design, F1 motor sport and aerospace Cobalt chrome: Mechanical properties: High strength, excellent corrosion resistance and bio compatibility and high toughness Alloy: CoCr ASTM F75 Applications: medical implant, dental and high temperature Stainless steel, tool steel: Mechanical properties: High toughness, hardness and corrosion resistance and excellent machinability Alloys: 316L stainless steel, H13 tool steel, 17-4PH, 50CrMo4, CrNiMo 13-4 and M333 Applications: medical implants, spindle and screws, plastic injection moulds and maritime Aluminium: Mechanical properties: Excellent alloying properties and processability and low density Alloys: Al-Si-10Mg, Al-Si-12Mg, Al-Si9-Cu3, Al-Si-7Mg and Al-Mg4 Applications: Aerospace, automotive, consumer goods Inconel: Mechanical properties: Good mechanical strength, excellent corrosion resistance, outstanding welding ability and good creep rapture strength up to 700C Alloys: Inconel 718 and Inconel 625 Applications: Aerospace, gas turbines, space shuttle and crafts, nuclear reactors and rocket motors Integration of SLM in production systems: Process chain Function SLM process chain Part Finish (Machining) Part Design Process Strategy Process Control Process Preperation Designed for optimized Part orientation built strategy online defect Interface for Functionality (quality/ build time) -built parameters detention machining (light, weight, -support structure -under cuts etc -close loop control energy efficient etc ) (www.materialscluster.lu/content/download//Wilhelm_Intermat2011.pdf, accessed on 30/5/2011) SLM machines: SLM50 Realizer: Worlds first SLM desktop machine to produce quickly and extremely accurately manufacture functional dental parts based on CAD data. It is well appropriate for dental laboratories and similar environments for the production of bridge and crown frame and brackets. This machine is capable to produce 100 parts/ months. SLM50 designed a component with height up to 40mm and diameter up to 60mm. (http://www.industrialnews.org/2011/03/worlds-first-slm-desktop-machine-dental.html#ixzz1NtOkViL9) SLM50 specifications Construction volume Platform diameter 70 mm, max. construction height 40 mm Thickness of layers 20-50 ÃŽÂ ¼m Laser type Fibre laser 20 to 120 W Power supply 16A, 230V Power consumption 1.0 KW Argon consumption approx. 30 Liter/h Dimensions W800 x D700 x H500 mm Weight approx. 80 kg Software ReaLizer Control Software Materials Cobalt Chrome, Stainless Steel 316 L, gold-, silver-, palladium-, titanium alloys (http://www.progold.com/GB/Files/Realizer.pdf) https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVDcO0oAtz9R9Nd25G-CGDAs6EtYlrgJgy01eAJ1kYD-YRXN2cYHg0ywa6LBN-dgK8ODXhPZnjctuYtkp0Z2BNicNoNy6wJUJOBRa89VhkczkUhxvXSfHIUA7YWXN25L7KSX0NMkYlVHhb/s1600/SLM-50-1024682.jpg (http://www.industrialnews.org/2011/03/worlds-first-slm-desktop-machine-dental.html) SLM100 Realizer: Machines capability to design a component with 100mm high cylindrical construction area with 125mm diameter, because of the dropped laser spot size to 20Â µm. The machine can produce parts with delicate features, high surface quality and maximum wall thickness. SLM100 is appropriate for dental laboratories or related environments. SLM100 specifications Construction volume Platform diam. 125 mm Max. overall constr. height 100 mm Layer thicknesses 20-100 ÃŽÂ ¼m Laser type Fibre laser 20 to 200 W Power supply 16A, 400V Power input 1.5 kW Argon consumption app. 35 l/h Dimensions W900 x D800 x H2400 mm, SLM100A additional display support arm Weight 500 kg Software ReaLizer control software Materials Tool steel H 13, titanium, titanium V4, aluminium, cobalt chrome, stainless steel 316 L, Inconel, Gold, ceramic materials under development (http://www.realizer.com/en/wp-content/themes/realizer/ReaLizer.pdf) (http://www.twi.co.uk/content/laser_slm.html) SLM125: The SLM125 machine presented with a range of laser from 100-200W with 30mm laser spot size diameter. This machine is capable to built pattern geometries of 200Â µm. Surface finish is controlled by laser scan approach, however build speed and surface finish is majorly depends on material that to be processed such as tool steel take more time than the aluminium and titanium. For fully dense part the both parameters surface finish and build speed should range from 15-30Â µm and 5-200cm3/hr respectively. (http://www.sme.org/cgi-bin/find-articles.pl?ME09ART20ME20090401SME) This machine has been designed for the simplicity to the users with in a industry with touch screen features, which cleans down the process. Robustness of the machine has given precedence to the adopters. The recoater blade used in this system is soft and carefully designed to reduce consumable cost by rotating same blade many times before replacement, and low filter element causes low gas consumption, results machine reliable and minimum in cost to users. SLM125 specifications Construction volume 125mm x 125mm x 125mm (x,y,z) Layer thicknesses 20 to 100ÃŽÂ ¼m Laser type Fibre laser 100-200 W Power supply 16A, 400V Power input Argon consumptionm Dimensions Weight Software ReaLizer control software Materials Tool steel H13, titanium , titanium V4, aluminium, cobalt chrome, stainless steel 316 L, Inconel (http://www.mtt-group.com/data/pdf/extract/0413-MTT_2pp_SLM_A4_%20Flyer_v1.pdf) MTT SLM25 (http://develop3d.com/profiles/box-clever) SLM250: This machine measures construction area of 250ÃÆ'-250ÃÆ'-250mm. The space in the processing area can be used to produce maximum number of parts with loading numerous parts at the top of each other. SLM250 is equipped with high power laser up to 400W with an automated filter machine to remove and recycle loose powders from the processing area. High part output makes it appropriate for industrial manufacturing process. SLM250 specifications Construction volume 250 x 250 mm , maximum construction height 220 mm Layer thicknesses 20-100 ÃŽÂ ¼m Laser type Fibre laser 100, 200 or 400 W Power supply 16 A, 400 V Power input 2.5 kW Argon consumption app. 70 litres/h Dimensions W1800 x D1000 x H2200 mm w/o sieving machine Weight 800 kg Software ReaLizer control software Materials Tool steel H13, titanium , titanium V4, aluminium, cobalt chrome, stainless steel 316 L, Inconel (http://www.realizer.com/en/wp-content/themes/realizer/ReaLizer.pdf) http://www.renishaw.com/media/img/gen/8a0166f5acc64a4190c81957ffe11b05.jpg (http://www.renishaw.com/en/renishaw-acquires-mtt-investments-limited14897) D1: (http://doc.utwente.nl/52914/1/Wa1025.pdf) D2: (http://pic.sagepub.com/content/220/6/857.full.pdf) D3: (http://www.meditech.cf.ac.uk/pages/Individula%20Meetings/15th%20Nov%202007/presentations/R%20Bibb%20-%20PDR%20-%20ARUP%20Nov%202007.pdf) SLM 125 machine run: SLM 125 machine operated in the following manner: Turn on from the back- MTT 125 screen showed up- Tap on the screen- Login with the user name MTT2- Tap light (light opens)- Tap to open the door- hold reset and open the door Wiper reset: Tap to wiper and elevator on the screen- find wiper home- tap to substrate and set thickness to 0- press Esc- hold reset and open the door. Tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- Go to FWD POS- then unscrew the wiper arm from both ends To draw material holder or wiper tension: unscrew both the nuts placed at the ends with pressing at the top. Attach back both the wiper tension and wiper arm to their respective positions- shut the door Before placing the platform in the machine , first measure the base plate with vernier calliper then Tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- tap at substrate and set the thickness to 14.5- tap at table auto (it will built)- Tap at set datum- find table home. Go again- substrate set to 0- Go to top POS- Tap at Go to Centre to position wiper at the centre C:UsersP10507465DesktopWiper_tension[1].JPG Lift wiper and place paper then tight it. Clockwise rotation of screw to loose and anticlockwise to tight it. Later paper is removed. Just ensure that you should put the same pressure during screwing. After setting the wiper arm at the paper sheet thickness- close the door- tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home To clean filter assembly: Remove both caping placed at the top and bottom and do not forget to remove the rings- unbolt the holder- remove the filter (twist and draw)- clean the chamber- push filter to attach- bolt it C:UsersP10507465DesktopFilter_Assy.JPGC:UsersP10507465DesktopFilter_removal.JPG Tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- set datum- Dose to 3- Go to FWD POS- open with holding reset button. Close the door- find wiper home- Esc- select- auto (safe change filter valve- yes)- auto operation starts- click ok- Isolate change filter- confirm. Operation or part building starts and it logged out automatically after finishing the operation Login again with user name MTT2- tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- Go to up- Esc- open the door Cleaning: Slowly remove the powder with the brush- later hover it to clean properly. Unscrew the base plate- Brush again not to waste powder. Close the door- wiper elevator- find wiper home- Go to FWD POS- Esc- open the door holding reset button Unscrew the wiper plate and clean- the red strip on the wiper arm turns black at worked portion means damaged. Unscrew material holder- brush the machine to restore loose powder to the holes (for titanium cleaning is really important) Over flow cleaning: Unscrew loose powder holder underneath the platform. Put screw at close position and turn around to unscrew it to recover loose powders- screw it and place it in desired place including rings and caping Set wiper back at the position to clean lense- unscrew it and clean it with proper handling Dental suprastructure The manufacturer is also is involved in the dental industry, for which the company manufactures products such as implant-supported suprastructures. Using patient-specific geometry data, acquired through medical imaging or 3-D scanning, the personalised structure is designed in software and printed in titanium. As a concluding step, the dental technician finishes off the structure and completes the final prothesis. Through patented DentWise technology, geometry and surface retention related limitations set by traditionally moulded or milled suprastructures no longer apply. Through digital SLM technology, geometry and surface retention related limitations set by traditionally moulded or milled suprastructures no longer apply, Mercelis says. In addition, the implant connections are completed with high precision. Implant bars and bridges achieve a fit accuracy better than 20 Â µm at the implant interface. They also can integrate complex surface textures and sealing edges. DentWise suprastructures are manufactured using ultra-strong titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, grade V), which outperforms the commonly used titanium grade II in terms of mechanical propertie (http://www.emdt.co.uk/article/selective-laser-melting)